An online database of ancient Egyptian personal names, titles, and persons from the Middle Kingdom. The military campaigns of Senusret III referred to by the Greeks as Sesostris or Sesoosis are well-documented in both Egyptian and Greek texts and can be further corroborated by archeological evidence. Khakhaure Senusret III was a pharaoh of Egypt. Khakaure Senusret III (also written as Senwosret III or the hellenised form, Sesostris III) was a pharaoh of Egypt. World History Encyclopedia. Russian Wikipedia. This page was last edited on 14 September 2021, at 23:59. Above this was a third mudbrick vault. Sinuhe was a courier and assistant to the King of Egypt, Amenhotep I. It is made of gneiss. 0 references. Egypts Old Kingdom declined for a number of reasons, foremost of which was the rise of regional potentates. It looks so unique! What were some of senusrets accomplishments? Now my majesty has had an image made of my majesty, at this border which my majesty has made, in order that you maintain it, in order that you fight for it. He ruled from 1897 BC to 1878 BC. Senusret III was a pharaoh of Egypt. There is no widespread famine recorded during Senusret III's reign nor any indication he had a foreigner as vizier. The Sebek-khu Stele, dated to the reign of Senusret III (reign: 1878 1839 BC), records the earliest known Egyptian military campaign in the Levant. Our publication has been reviewed for educational use by Common Sense Education, Internet Scout (University of Wisconsin), Merlot (California State University), OER Commons and the School Library Journal. Ikhernofret worked as treasurer for the king at Abydos. See also: Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt family tree, Neferthenut, Khnemetneferhedjet II, Itakayt, perhaps Meretseger. 12th Dynasty, c. 1870 BC. Sinuhe was an official of the harem maintained for Amenemhet I by his queen. Egypts incredible growth during the Middle Kingdom was spurred by a series of vigorous and able kings, notably Senusret III, who led the conquest of Nubia, campaigned in the Levant, and initiated several ambitious public works projects. What is so important about Sesostris III? Perhaps Senusrets finest architectural achievement was the White Chapel. His conquests, they said, had ranged from deep inside Africa to the Near East and even into Scythia (southwestern Russia) which no later conqueror not even Darius I of Persia or Alexander the Great had been able to subdue. The Pharaoh Senusret III was one of the most powerful leaders of the Middle Kingdom. The 800-foot long, underground structure was once though to be a cenotaph (symbolic tomb). The popular view of life in ancient Egypt is often that it was Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. Senusret 3 was more military active than his 12th Dynasty predecessors, although much of this activity was against Nubia rather than Egypt's more northerly neighbors. The canal, as well as the forts strung along the border and throughout northern Nubia, allowed for a mutually beneficial trade arrangement between the two countries, which also naturally resulted in cultural diffusion. [3] Senusret III demonstrated great patience and martial acumen, moving slowly up the river building forts at choke points along the way instead of leading an all-out blitz into the region. Djoser, Snefru, and Khufu are remembered as great pyramid builders and for having not only the best built and most enduring pyramids, but also for producing the first examples in the world of monumental architecture made in stone. These are Itakayt, Khenemetneferhedjet II and Neferthenut, all three mainly known from their burials next to the pyramid of the king at Dahshur. The Middle Kingdom Renaissance (c. 2055-1650 BC). Considering the immense honor and respect paid to him while he lived, it is little wonder that Senusret III is considered the most likely inspiration for the legendary figure of Sesostris made famous by Herodotus' account in his Histories (II.102-110). . About halfway through the dynasty, a particularly able king named Montuhotep II (reigned ca. He ruled from 1878 BC to 1839 BC, and was the fifth monarch of the Twelfth Dynasty of the Middle Kingdom. The deep-set, heavy-lidded eyes, the thin lips, and the series of diagonal furrows marking the rather hollow cheeks give representations of this king a brooding expression not usually found on the faces of Egyptian kings, who are generally portrayed with a more youthful countenance. I have added to what was bequeathed me. The kings priority was building a canal that bypassed the first cataract just south of Abu/Elephantine (modern Aswan), which marked the traditional boundary between Egypt and Nubia. The total volume was approximately 288,000 cubic meters. He is probably also the best known of the Middle Kingdom pharaohs to the public because of his many naturalistic statues showing a man with often heavy eye-lids and lined continence. Our latest articles delivered to your inbox, once a week: Our mission is to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. It goes to the 12th dynasty (1878-1845 B.C). His primary focus throughout his reign was on the south, and his victory stele at Semna (in Nubia) claims: "I have made my boundary further south than my fathers. Many conservative biblical scholars consider Senusret the pharaoh mentioned in Genesis 39-47, who elevated Joseph to a high administrative post, answerable directly to him. Also known as Senusret III primary name: primary name: Senusret III other name: other name: Khakaura other name: other name: Senwosret III other name: other name: Sesostris III other name: other name: Sesostris Details individual; ruler; royal/imperial; Egyptian; Male Life dates 1874BC-1855BC Biography Senusret III had two wives, Satiah and Nefertiti. Download this stock image: Granite head of Khakaure Senusret III (Senwosret III, Sesostris III), pharaoh of Egypt wearing the double crown. The exact reason for this is unknown, but it may be because he predates this practice, or that he was not considered a king, as was later understood. Still, the fact that the Greek writers used the Egyptian priests as their source material proves that even centuries later the Egyptians continued to revere the memory of Senusret III. It is Senusret II also known as Sesostris II. Senusret I (Middle Egyptian: z-n-wsrt; /su nij was.i/) also anglicized as Sesostris I and Senwosret I, was the second pharaoh of the Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt.He ruled from 1971 BC to 1926 BC (1920 BC to 1875 BC), and was one of the most powerful kings of this Dynasty. Name []. Idea of king as a war leader emphasized once again from Senusret III (go back to reread) Also a new kind of royal ideology: militaristic, becomes a visually distinct element of . The pyramid was built of a core of mud bricks. An expedition under Ramesses IV consisted of 408 members in His court included the viziers Nebit, and Khnumhotep. I just love how powerful his face is. On them, the king is depicted at different ages and, in particular, on the aged ones he sports a strikingly somber expression: the eyes are protruding from hollow eye sockets with pouches and lines under them, the mouth and lips have a grimace of bitterness, and the ears are enormous and protruding forward. [11] Jacques Morgan, in 1894, found rock inscriptions near Sehel Island documenting his digging of a canal. His Year 8 stela at Semna documents his victories against the Nubians, through which he is thought to have made safe the southern frontier, preventing further incursions into Egypt. Egyptian culture and power continued to grow until it reached its Middle Kingdom zenith during the middle of the Twelfth Dynasty. Pyramide-sesostris3-cratre2.jpg 1,744 1,152; 228 KB He was a great pharaoh of the Twelfth Dynasty and is considered to be, perhaps, the most powerful Egyptian ruler of the dynasty. The greatest of all the Middle Kingdom Nubian forts was at Semna, which is where many of the inscriptions commemorating the campaigns were discovered in the modern period. In it, he admonished his future successors to maintain the new border that he had created: Year 16, third month of winter: the king made his southern boundary at Heh. Ancient Egypt produced many powerful and able kings who built many great monuments, commissioned enduring works of literature, and expanded Egypts borders through numerous military campaigns. pharaoh. Jacques Morgan, in 1894, found rock inscriptions near Sehel Island documenting his digging of a canal. His reign is often considered the height of the Middle Kingdom which was the Golden Age in Egypt's history in so far as art, literature, architecture, science, and other cultural aspects reached an unprecedented level of refinement, the economy flourished, and military and trade expeditions filled the nation's treasury. The concept of 'art for art's sake' would have been unimaginable for an ancient Egyptian artist. Horkherty was king's acquaintance. The best-known works from his reign are his own statues. He was a tall man, over six feet in height, always shown with a regal, somber expression. country of citizenship. In, Krebsbach, Jared. (t Senvosret III. It far surpassed those from the early twelfth dynasty in size, grandeur, and underlying religious conceptions. Sobekemhat was treasurer too and buried at Dahshur. . Wosret was the goddess of Thebes whose name meant powerful, and she was honored by a number of Middle Kingdom monarchs who hailed from her city (such as Senusret I and Senusret II). [2] Senusret III was among the few Egyptian kings who were deified and honored with a cult during their own lifetime. The Middle Kingdom was the period in Egyptian history where the entire country was once more united under a single ruler after the tumultuous First Intermediate Period. Kheperkare Senusret I was the second pharaoh of the Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt. Not only was Egypt unified once more during the Middle Kingdom, but it was also a period of tremendous cultural growth and achievement: the kings began building pyramids again as tombs, the southern border was expanded into Nubia for the first time, and language and literature reached its zenith. And dividing the entire land into thirty-six parts which the Egyptian call nomes, he set over each a nomarch, who should superintend the collection of the royal revenues and administer all the affairs of his division. [11]. He also was known to have requested to have special tombs made for himself and his family. Although there were many great kings throughout Egypt's history who honored and adhered to the concept of ma'at, few exemplified that principle of divine balance as closely as Senusret III. Wiki . Senusret III (c. 1878-1860 BCE, also known as Senwosret III, Sesostris III) was the 5th king of the 12th Dynasty of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt (2040-1782 BCE). The Egyptians conferred upon him the rare honor of deifying him while he still lived and his cult operated at the same level, and received the same recognition, as any of the great gods of Egypt. World History Encyclopedia. This page was last modified on 6 February 2023, at 06:30. [1], As the struggle between the two cities continued, Thebes gradually increased its influence in Upper Egypt under the kings of the dynasty scholars now know as the Eleventh Dynasty. The pyramid was built of a core of mud bricks. Senusret III was the second pharaoh of the Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt. Among his achievements was the building of the Canal of the Pharaohs. He had many temples, shrines, and religious monuments constructed and improved. An example of this on a small scale is a pectoral (a brooch worn suspended on the chest) of Meretseger (also given as Mereret), one of Senusret III's lesser wives. Genesis 47:20 Keluarga. Monogamy was emphasized as a value even among the stories of the gods and male gods usually had only one female wife or consort but the king was allowed to have as many wives as he could support, as could any royal man of means, and this most likely influenced how male infidelity was perceived. He was a great pharaoh of the Twelfth Dynasty and is considered to be perhaps the most powerful Egyptian ruler of the . We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. (29). [18][19], Scholars could only make assumptions about the reasons why Senusret III chose to have himself portrayed in such a unique way, and polarized on two diverging opinions. Founding Pharaoh Of Twelfth Dynasty Of Egypt, Earliest Confirmed Female Egyptian Pharaoh C. 1700-1800 Bc. Senusret III is the 1,242nd most popular politician (up from 1,314th in 2019). Nubians served in the Egyptian army as mercenaries, as the core of the Egyptian police force, and as guards for royal and non-royal trade expeditions. Senusret III continued the tradition of pyramid building, but he eschewed the new practice of building at Lisht and instead decided to follow the original tradition by constructing his pyramid near the Old Kingdom kings tombs near the Lower Egyptian village of Dashur. With the southern border secure, Senusret III commissioned a canal enlarged at Sehel to facilitate trade between Nubia and Egypt, which allowed merchants traveling by water to avoid the perils of the Nile rapids at the First Cataract. According to the Egyptian sources, Senusret III led four campaigns into Nubia during his sixth, eighth, tenth, and sixteenth years of rule. Senusret is a major character in Christian Jacq's historical fiction series The Mysteries of Osiris. 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