Population, Urbanization, and the Environment, Chapter21. Power and Authority Retrieved July 18, 2014, from http://www.cbc.ca/ideas/episodes/2011/07/25/against-the-state-part-3-1/. 2011. There is no real internal conflict or disagreement within them thatwould have to be settled politically. Why? legitimation function the role of the state in securing social harmony and the consent of the public to be ruled, monarchya form of government in which a single person, or monarch, rules until that individual dies or abdicates the throne, nation-state a political unit whose boundaries are co-extensive with a society, normalization of militarization the contradictory and tense social process in which civil society organizes itself for the production of violence, oligarchy a form of government in which power is held by a small, elite group, one person, one vote a concept holding that each persons vote should be counted equally, patrimonialism a type of authority wherein military and administrative factions enforce the power of the master, pluralist theory the state acts as a neutral mediator to balance the competing interests and demands of divergent interest groups in society, politics (1) the means by which form is given to the life of a people, politics (2) the activity of striving to share power or striving to influence the distribution of power, either among states or among groups within a state, political demand the underlying societal factors and social changes that create constituencies of people with common interests, political supply the strategies and organizational capacities of political parties to deliver an appealing political program to particular constituencies, postmaterialist concerns with quality-of-life issues: personal autonomy, self-expression, environmental integrity, womens rights, gay rights, the meaningfulness of work, habitability of cities, etc, post-security a condition in which lethal violence is present as a constant potentiality, always and everywhere ready to erupt. Theoretical Perspectives on Government and Power Society and Social Interaction, Chapter7. Clastres, Pierre. Power in this sense is the power we think of when we speak of an ability to do or create somethinga potential. Political demand and political supply refer to __________________. 1982. To the degree that they break down or communication becomes dysfunctional, the elementary components that enable the legislative function of government to perform its activity independent of direct control by the Office of the Prime Minister (i.e., the executive function) are threatened and democracy itself is curtailed. [T]he state protects male power [by] appearing to prohibit its excesses when necessary to its normalization (MacKinnon 1989, p. 167). On the other hand, when the norms of the ideal speech situation are violated, the process of democratic will formation becomes distorted and open to manipulation. This entails a more detailed study of what we mean by power. Pierre Trudeauused his relative youth, flair, intelligence,and magnetism to call for Canada to become a just society. He is an example of a(n) __________ leader. 5. (An absolute monarchy is agovernment wherein a monarch has absolute or unmitigated power.) 2012. Which is not a characteristic of young peoples engagement in politics today? Its chair, Wisconsin Republican Mike Gallagher, described the current dynamic between the two countries. The History of Sexuality Volume I: An Introduction. In Figure 17.14, new areas of political preference are shown opening up in the shaded areas labelled Space A and Space B. World War I, or the Great War, was described as the war that would end all wars, yet the manner in which it was settled led directly to the conditions responsible for the declaration of World War II. The De-Centring of the State: Terrorism, War, Empire, and Political Exceptionalism, 17.4. This process involves an intensification of the conceptual division between the outsides and insides of nation-states, the demonization of enemies who threaten us from the outside (or the inside), the normalization of military ways of thinking and military perspectives on policy, and the propagation of ideologies that romanticize, sanitize, and validate military violence as a solution to problems or as a way of life (Graham 2011). The long-standing complaint of increasing incivility in House of Commons debates, question period, and committee work points to the way that give-and-take interactions between parliamentarians have been severely curtailed in recent years (Samara 2011). C| 13. Max Weber studied power and authority, differentiating between the two concepts and formulating a system for classifying types of authority: traditional, rational-legal, and charismatic. Gill, Ian. Aristotle. Forms of domination occur when the give and take between these two types of power become fixed into permanent hierarchies. 2011. 24. Political life was life oriented toward the good life or toward the collective achievement of noble qualities. London: Verso. and major capitalist corporations (Hardt and Negri 2000). Inglehart, Ronald. What is politics? Afghans model village will work as long as Canadian forces stay put. Globe and Mail. The October Crisis of 1970: Human Rights Abuses Under the War Measures Act. Journal of Canadian Studies. Image Politics: The New Rhetoric of Environmental Activism. On a much smaller scale the FLQ (Front de libration du Qubec) resorted to bombing mailboxes, the Montreal Stock Exchange, and kidnapping political figures to press for the independence of Quebec. Hardt, Michael and Antonio Negri. Then, write a paragraph describing the personal qualities that led to this persons influence, considering the society in which this leader emerged. 9. Politics is not exclusively about the state or a property of the state. Plainly put, our governments dont fear environmentalists, even icons like David Suzuki. Poulantzas notes that whereas the immediate interests of specific corporations might be to maximize profits in the short term, the role of the state is to maintain the long-term interests of capital as a whole(i.e., the stability of the system of private property and private accumulation of profit). A better approach is for all business units and functions to play a role in managing a company's relationship with government. The film may be seen as a science fiction allegory of any number of contemporary cycles of violence, including the 2014 Israeli-Palestinian conflict, which was concurrent with the films release. New Dictionary of the History of Ideas. For Weber though, modern authority is better understood to oscillate between the latter two types of legitimacy: rational-legal and charismatic authority. In the 20th century, 9 million people were killed in World War I and another 61 million people were killed in World War II. Trans. State of Exception. Crown-Indigenous Relations Minister Marc Miller announced a new policy meant to address issues in the federal government's implementation of the approximately two dozen treaties it has signed . Sociologists examine government and politics in terms of their impact on individuals and larger social systems. 1971 (1870). On the other side of the spectrum, the Conservatives do not want to move so far to the right (5) that they lose centrist voters to the Liberals or NDP (as was the case in the Ontario provincial election in 2014). The Canadian national anthem, sung at sports events and official assemblies,incites respect and reverence in many Canadians. People adhere to traditional authority because they are invested in the past and feel obligated to perpetuate it. As Max Weber defines it, politics (2) is the activity of striving to share power or striving to influence the distribution of power, either among states or among groups within a state (Weber1919b, p. 78). They become institutionalized. Canadian Parliament Buildings Ottawa byWest Annex News (https://www.flickr.com/photos/westannexnews/10473990843/) used under CC BY SA 2.0 license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/), Figure 17.4. The difference between direct democracy and representative democracy is the difference between _____________. 17.3. The author provides an overview of research on this area of study, which distinguishes between theocratic nations and nations that attempt to legislate the separation of church and . 1971. Product filter button Description Contents Resources Courses About the Authors An important and topical contribution to the field of Middle East studies, this innovative, provocative, and timely study tackles head-on the main assumptions of the foundation of Israel as a Jewish state. In today's global economy, businessmen and entrepreneurs are the driving forces of the economy. 11-008. report flag outlined. In this case, the revolutionary action might be said to have originated in the way that Bouazizis act sparked a radicalization in peoples sense of citizenship and power: their internal feelings of individual dignity, rights, and freedom and their capacity to act on them. Yes, because Governance is essentially related to politics, in that politics is often defined as the art of governance. Life would otherwise be in a state of nature or a state of war of everyone against everyone (1651, p. 117). According to functionalism, modern forms of government have four main purposes: planning and directing society, meeting collective social needs, maintaining law and order, and managing international relations. Newman, Peter. Theoretical Perspectives on Government and Power Power refers to both anindividuals ability to control or direct others and the capacity each person has to act and create. It does not presuppose that there is a proper institutional (or other) structure that defines government per se, nor does it presuppose what a societys collective goals are. War is defined as a form of organized group violence between politically distinct groups. The difference in the two 20th century world wars is that advances in military technology and the strategy of total war (involving the targeting of civilian as well as military targets) led to a massive increase in casualties. Acton, Lord. 2004. 3-27 in Panitch, (ed.) UN at a Glance Retrieved July 16, 2014, from http://www.un.org/en/aboutun/index.shtml. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Talcott Parsons(http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Talcott-Parsons.jpg) is in CC BY SA 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en), Figure 17.20. The injustice of this event provided an emblem for the widespread conditions of poverty, oppression, and humiliation experienced by a majority of the population. This occurs when the normal rules that govern decision making or the application of law appear no longer adequate or applicable to the situation confronting society. Along both axes or spectrums of political opinion, one might imagine an elliptically shaped distribution of individuals, with the greatest portion in the middle of each spectrum and far fewer people at the extreme ends. The key point that Goffman makes is that ones identity, face, or impression is not something intrinsic to the individual but is a social phenomenon, radically in the hands of others. A| 24. London: New Left Books. 17.4. There are three distinct phenomena that are defined as terrorism in contemporary usage: the use of political violence as a means of revolt by non-state actors against a legitimate government, the use of political violence by governments themselves in contravention of national or international codes of human rights, and the use of violence in war that contravenes established rules of engagement, including violence against civilian or non-military targets (Hardt and Negri 2004). Kitschelt, Herbert. The words politics and political refer back to the ancient Greek polis or city-state. The death tolls in these wars were of such magnitude that the wars were considered at the time to be unprecedented. This is not an accidental circumstance. Sovereignty is the political form in which a single, central sovereign or supreme lawmaking authority governs within a clearly demarcated territory. Only on the basis of the meanings attributed to politics can coherent political courses of action and behaviour be undertaken individually or collectively. The entire globe is thereby divided up into separate states except for the oceans and Antarctica. 18. Goffman, Erving. Anarchism. In Maryanne Horowitz (ed.). Foucault (1982) argues that without this latitude for resistance or independent action on the part of the one over whom power is exercised, there is no relationship of power or government. Nevertheless, the principle of the anarchist model of government is based on the participatory or direct democracy of the ancient Greek Athenians. In pluralist theory, society is made up of numerous competing interest groupscapital, labour, religious fundamentalists, feminists, gays, small business, homeless people, taxpayers, elderly, military, pacifists, etc.whose goals are diverse and often incompatible. In the first part of the movie, we see the two communities in a kind of pre-political state, struggling in isolation from one another in an effort to survive. As a result of the development of postmaterialist politics, the left side of the political spectrum has been increasingly defined by a cluster of political preferences defined by redistributive policies, social and multicultural inclusion, environmental sustainability, and demands for personal autonomy, etc., while the right side has been defined by a cluster of preferences including free-market policies, tax cuts, limits on political engagement, crime policy, and social conservative values, etc. B| 5. 208-226 in H. Dreyfus and P. Rabinow (ed.s). Weber, Max 1969 (1919b) Politics as a Vocation (pp. A state of exception refers to __________________. Sociologists have a distinctive approach to studying governmental power and authority that differs from the perspective of political scientists. A third critical sociological perspective on the state can be found in the work of Michel Foucault who argues that the idea of the state is an abstraction that conceals a far more widespread and pernicious operation of power. Only 62 people were ever charged with offences, and the FLQ cells responsible for the kidnappings did not number more than a handful of individuals (Clment 2008). Panitch, Leo. In this type of authority, power is vested in a particular system, not in the person implementing the system. Under Alfredo Stroessners regime in Paraguay in the 1960s and 1970s, this form of legal illegality was taken to the extreme. Therefore, why do people submit to rule? As the 19th century military strategist Carl von Clausewitz (1832) said, war is merely the continuation of politics by other means. Tepperman, Lorne. Relationship between Government and Business Organizations Government and business institutions in a country in many ways are interrelated and interdependent. However, while people often decry the lack of rational debate about the facts of policy decisions in image politics, it is often the case that it is only the political theatre of personality clashes and charisma that draws people in to participate in political life. Sociologists, however, tend to be more interested ingovernment more generally; that is, the various means and strategies used to direct or conduct the behaviour and actions of others (or of oneself). 1989. The feminist understanding of the states role in society and gender hierarchies is ambiguous. Feudal secular authority was often at odds with religious authority. Graham, Stephen. Hobbes argued that social order, or what we would call today society (peaceable, sociable and comfortable living (Hobbes1651, p.146), depended on an unspoken contract between the citizens and the sovereign or ruler. What is the state for? (Of course all citizens, for the Greeks, meant all adult men and excluded women, children, and slaves.). A| 15. The state is made up of meaningful interactions of small groups of people. Politicians and political parties claim a positive social value for themselves by attempting to plant a symbolic, mythic image in the minds of the public and then carefully scripting public performances to support that image. The photos were then used to start a protest group called We Are All Khaled Said, which now has more than a million members (Pollock 2011). The Greek philosopher Aristotles original notion of politics is the idea of a freedom people grant themselves to rule themselves (Aristotle1908). Politics and power are not things that are the exclusive concern of the state or the property of an individual, ruling class, or group. 2011. As a student in the program, you will learn to critically examine political issues, prominent actors . Besides formal offices, authority can arise from tradition and personal qualities. Oakland, CA. B| 12. Themodern state system emerged in Europe in response to the instability that arosethrough conflict between competing authorities and overlapping jurisdictions and powers. 1998. In describing the dramatic reform and protests in these regions, journalists have noted the use of internet vehicles such asFacebook, Twitter, and YouTube, some even implying that this technology has been instrumental in spurring these reforms. Free politics and government essays and research papers written by straight-A students. Mixed views of structural changes in the political system. Images that represent the power and authority of Canadainclude the Parliament Buildings, the beaver, and the Canadianflag. 2005. The state itself is in many respects subservient to the interests of capital. Social Class and Canadian Politics: A Reinterpretation. Empire (2) today refers to a supranational, global form of sovereignty whose territory is the entire globe and whose organization forms around the nodes of a network form of power. von Clausewitz, Claus. People are more concerned today with Buddhist-inspired lifestyles than with consumerism. It is based on the idea of representation rather than direct citizen participation. Since the establishment of the modern centralized state in Europe, there have been sixEuropean wars involving alliances between multiple nation-states at approximately half-century intervals. 1989. Foucault, Michel. The De-Centring of the State: Terrorism, War, Empire, and Political Exceptionalism, 17.4. The ability of the state to regularize social life and provide a stable container for society is undermined however by states of exception such asterrorism and war or the formation of supra-national entities such asempires. Today, Argentina is a federal, democratic republic with governing power divided between executive, legislative, and judicial branches. As the public relations has integrated with political areas and been increasingly prominent, the government can manipulate media more easily and reach a new high in this special era, which has made the media fall into a dilemma where they lose the right to supervise public powers. Two factors explain the dynamics of democratic party systems (Kitschelt 1995). There is increasing emphasis on the need to create a public image for leaders in electoral campaigns, both by tweaking or manufacturing the personal qualities of political candidatesStephen Harpers sudden propensity for knitted sweaters, Jean Chretians little guy from Shawinigan persona, Jack Laytons moustacheand by character assassinations through the use of negative advertisingStockwell Days scary, narrow-minded fundamentalist characterization, Paul Martins Mr. Secondly, political supply refers to the strategies and organizational capacities of political parties to deliver an appealing political program to particular constituencies. Schmitt eventually applied this principle to justify the German National Socialist Partys suspension of the Weimar constitution in 1933, as well as the Fhrerprinzip (principle of absolute leadership) that characterized the dictatorship of Adolf Hitler. On the political stage, especially in the age of mass-mediated interactions, image management and party branding are subject to sophisticated controls, calculations, and communications strategies. Multitude: War and Democracy in the Age of Empire. In social encounters, he argued, individuals present a certain face to the groupthis is who I amby which they lay claim to a positive social value for themselves. Government implies that there are relations of power between rulers and ruled, but the context of rule is not limited to the state. The use of power on the international stage not only affects people directly but can also alter the balance of power and the structure of the international system itself. They relied on a variety of nonviolent protest strategies such as rallies, sit-ins, marches, petitions, and boycotts. So bad, in . Toronto: University of Toronto Press. They are examples ofcompeting interest groups whose demands are weighed by the state. Canadas most famous incident of peacetime state of exception was Pierre Trudeaus use of the War Measures Act in 1970 during the October Crisis. (More accurately, he used the term Lebensfhrung: what is the meaning of political action in the context of a whole conduct of life, a theme we will return to in the next section). Canadians have been turning increasingly to nontraditional political activities like protests and demonstrations, signing petitions, and boycotting or boycotting to express their political grievances and aspirations. Until recently we might have been satisfied with an answer that examined how various political institutions and processes function in society: the state, the government, the civil service, the courts, the democratic process, etc. For the oceans and Antarctica strategist Carl von Clausewitz ( 1832 ) said, War Empire. 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